![]() ![]() The term "word" has no well-defined meaning. Fundamental concepts Lexemes and word-forms The term "morphology" was introduced into linguistics by August Schleicher in 1859. 'Alī Mas'ūd, date back to at least 1200 CE. Studies in Arabic morphology, including the Marāḥ Al-Arwāḥ of Aḥmad b. The Greco-Roman grammatical tradition also engaged in morphological analysis. The history of ancient Indian morphological analysis dates back to the linguist Pāṇini, who formulated the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology in the text Aṣṭādhyāyī by using a constituency grammar. The discipline that deals specifically with the sound changes occurring within morphemes is morphophonology. The morphology of such languages allows for each consonant and vowel to be understood as morphemes, while the grammar of the language indicates the usage and understanding of each morpheme. For example, the Chukchi word "təmeyŋəlevtpəγtərkən", meaning "I have a fierce headache", is composed of eight morphemes t-ə-meyŋ-ə-levt-pəγt-ə-rkən that may be glossed. Polysynthetic languages, such as Chukchi, have words composed of many morphemes. Morphologically complex words are easier to comprehend when they include a base word. ![]() Studies have indicated that the presence of modification in phonology and orthography makes morphologically complex words harder to understand and that the absence of modification between a base word and its origin makes morphologically complex words easier to understand. Phonological and orthographic modifications between a base word and its origin may be partial to literacy skills. In this way, morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word formation within and across languages and attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of the speakers of those languages. The rules understood by a speaker reflect specific patterns or regularities in the way words are formed from smaller units in the language they are using, and how those smaller units interact in speech. (Most words in modern Standard Chinese, however, are compounds and most roots are bound.) These are understood as grammars that represent the morphology of the language. By contrast, Classical Chinese has very little morphology, using almost exclusively unbound morphemes ("free" morphemes) and it relies on word order to convey meaning. For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog and dogs are closely related, differentiated only by the noun- bound plurality morpheme "-s". While words, along with clitics, are generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, in most languages, many words can be related to other words by rules that collectively describe the grammar for that language. Morphology differs from morphological typology, which is the classification of languages based on their use of words, and lexicology, which is the study of words and how they make up a language's vocabulary. Morphology also looks at parts of speech, intonation and stress, and the ways context can change a word's pronunciation and meaning. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. ![]() ![]() In linguistics, morphology ( / m ɔːr ˈ f ɒ l ə dʒ i/ ) is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. ![]()
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